• Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    Biden and Correcting the Course of Relations with Palestine

    Dec 4, 2020Zaha Hassan

    Palestinians let out a collective sigh of relief following confirmation that former Vice President Joe Biden won the US presidential election. Though the Pales…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    Biden and Israel: The Constraints Are Plentiful

    Dec 4, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    As inauguration nears and President-elect Joe Biden assembles his cabinet and broader domestic and foreign policy teams, they collectively stare at four years …

  • Viewpoint
    Saudi ArabiaConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    MbS Also Gets Nothing for Normalizing with Israel

    Nov 23, 2020Imad K. Harb

    Once again, Arab solidarity with the Palestinian cause suffered a setback. Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MbS) reportedly met with Israeli Pr…

  • Viewpoint
    The Arabian Peninsula and The GulfDemocracy and Governance

    Arab Public Opinion on National Security and Foreign Intervention

    Nov 17, 2020Joe Macaron

    The Arab League celebrated its 75th anniversary this year in the midst of regional politics that have never been more polarized, with continuous foreign interv…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    The Trump Term: An Israel-Palestine Damage Assessment

    Nov 11, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    Shortly after he was elected as president in November 2016, Donald Trump quickly got to work on advancing his Israel policy. In fact, he might have focused mor…

  • Policy Analysis
    LebanonDemocracy and Governance

    Lebanon Risks Becoming Irrelevant

    Nov 11, 2020Imad K. Harb

    For the third time in the span of a year, Lebanese politicians are trying to go back to the proverbial drawing board. On October 22nd, President Michel Aoun ap…

  • Policy Analysis
    UAEUS Foreign Policy

    The Middle East Accords: An Arab Perspective

    Nov 2, 2020Imad K. Harb

    The recent agreements between Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, and Sudan will not help the cause of regional peace.On August 13, President D…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelGlobal Health and Health Policy

    Another Test of Palestinian Sumud: COVID-19 in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem

    Oct 27, 2020Yara M. Asi

    As the world has endured the crushing outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic over the past seven months, a common refrain often heard is that “the virus knows no bo…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    Where Can Palestinian Leaders Turn as Gulf Arabs Turn Away?

    Oct 15, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    The recent normalization agreements between the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain with Israel have sent shock waves throughout the Arab and Muslim worlds and ha…

  • Policy Analysis
    LebanonConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    Prospects of US Mediation in the Lebanon-Israel Border Talks

    Oct 14, 2020Joe Macaron

    On October 14, Lebanon and Israel started the long-awaited US-mediated talks to demarcate their maritime borders under the supervision of the United Nations. T…

  • Policy Analysis
    The Arabian Peninsula and The GulfUS Foreign Policy

    Saudi Arabia Prefers Implicit Normalization with Israel

    Sep 18, 2020Daniel Brumberg

    Signed at the White House on September 15, the new peace agreements between Israel on the one side and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Bahrain on the other …

  • Policy Analysis
    LebanonRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    The French Initiative in Lebanon: Endgame and Challenges

    Sep 16, 2020Joe Macaron

    French President Emmanuel Macron has been leading a charm offensive in Lebanon since the August 4th Beirut explosion as Paris seeks to reinvigorate its role in…

  • Policy Analysis
    JordanRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    Egypt-Iraq-Jordan Alliance Tries to Change Middle East Dynamics

    Sep 16, 2020Curtis R. Ryan

    On August 25, 2020, the leaders of Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan met in Amman for the third in a succession of meetings marking ever-closer relations between the thr…

  • Policy Analysis
    JordanEducation and Development

    Teachers’ Anger Reflects Jordan’s Economic and Political Strains

    The crackdown on the Jordanian Teachers Syndicate this summer is in many ways emblematic of mounting political and economic problems facing the Hashemite Kingd…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    Russian-Turkish-Iranian Cross-Purposes on Syria’s Future

    Sep 8, 2020Daniel Brumberg

    On August 24, the United Nations-sponsored Syrian Constitutional Committee meetings reconvened in Geneva. UN Envoy Geir Peterson, the chair of the meeting, dec…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    Spinning the Wheels: Syria’s Useless Political Negotiations

    Sep 2, 2020Radwan Ziadeh

    Radwan Ziadeh contends that the many rounds of negotiations to resolve the Syrian crisis have failed because of the imbalance of power between the Syrian regim…

  • Viewpoint
    LebanonDemocracy and Governance

    Lebanon Chooses a Prime Minister, Thwarting the Protesters Again

    Aug 31, 2020Imad K. Harb

    Imad K. Harb writes that Lebanon’s new and largely unknown prime minister-designate, Mustafa Adib, is relatively inexperienced in politics. Nevertheless, his c…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/Israel

    The Collapsing Arab Consensus and Options for the Palestinian Leadership

    Aug 28, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    Yousef Munayyer argues that Palestinians cannot rely on outside actors to help them in their struggle, and that their leadership must harness or rebuild endoge…

  • Policy Analysis
    LebanonRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    After the Beirut Blast: Hezbollah and Iran Walk a Tricky Line

    Aug 26, 2020Daniel Brumberg

    Daniel Brumberg argues that Hezbollah and Iran are vested in preserving the current political system in Lebanon whose confessional institutions enable the part…

  • Policy Analysis
    LebanonUS Foreign Policy

    How Can the United States Best Help Lebanon?

    Aug 25, 2020Charles W. Dunne

    With Lebanon in crisis and the United States’ desire to help, Charles W. Dunne writes that Washington’s focus on sidelining Hezbollah and Iran should not under…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaMigrants, Refugees, and IDPs

    Loss of a Generation: The Education of Syria’s Refugee Children

    Aug 25, 2020Yara M. Asi

    Yara M. Asi reports that almost ten years of homelessness, poverty, and trauma have deprived millions of Syria’s children and youth—displaced inside the countr…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    The UAE-Israel Deal that Keeps Peace Away

    The UAE-Israel agreement to normalize bilateral relations serves immediate political purposes for the Israeli prime minister and President Donald Trump without…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    The UAE-Israel Deal: Exploring the Motives

    Aug 17, 2020Khalil E. Jahshan

    Khalil E. Jahshan explores the political reasons behind the agreement to officially normalize relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates, stating th…

  • Policy Analysis
    LebanonDemocracy and Governance

    The Beirut Explosion Will Have a Lasting Impact on Lebanon

    Aug 14, 2020Joe Macaron

    Joe Macaron argues that the Beirut explosion and its repercussions will have a profound impact on Lebanon’s future, whatever political scenario emerges followi…

  • Viewpoint
    LebanonDemocracy and Governance

    The Hezbollah-Aoun Political Process Has Failed in Lebanon

    Aug 11, 2020Imad K. Harb

    Imad K. Harb posits that the resignation of the Lebanese government exposes the failure of the Hezbollah-Aoun political process but opens an opportunity for th…

  • Policy Analysis
    Lebanon

    The Explosions in Beirut and Their Repercussions for Lebanon

    Aug 7, 2020Mary-Jane Deeb Imad K. Harb Patricia Karam Nabeel A. Khoury Jean AbiNader

    The destruction of the Port of Beirut is a profound event that will have long-term consequences for Lebanon and its economy and, most of all, its people. Read …

  • Viewpoint
    LebanonDemocracy and Governance

    Lebanon: A Failed State Explodes

    Aug 6, 2020Imad K. Harb

    Imad K. Harb contends that the failing Lebanese state will only begin to restore its legitimacy when the country’s political elites either step down or alter t…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/Israel

    Beinart’s “Earthquake”: The Fallout and What It Means

    Aug 4, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    Yousef Munayyer examines the different responses to Peter Beinart’s ideological shift about the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and contends that more changes nee…

  • Policy Analysis
    LevantRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    Lebanon’s Other Problem: Neutrality in Regional Affairs

    Aug 3, 2020Imad K. Harb

    Examining Lebanon’s traditional neutrality in regional affairs, Imad K. Harb writes that Hezbollah’s push to follow Iran’s policies is placing the country in a…

  • Policy Analysis
    TurkeyRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    Turkey’s Activist Regional Policies Are a Double-Edged Sword

    Gregory Aftandilian explains that although Turkey has scored points in the Arab world with its support for the Palestinians, its activist posture and intervent…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/Israel

    Annexation: Why Hasn’t It Happened?

    Jul 20, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    Evaluating the reasons for the delay in announcing Israel’s annexation of parts of the occupied West Bank, Yousef Munayyer writes that a de facto annexation ha…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/Israel

    By Hedging, the UAE Abandons the Palestinians

    Jul 17, 2020Imad K. Harb

    Imad K. Harb writes that the UAE’s hedging strategy explains its headlong openness on Israel. It is thus abandoning the Palestine question just as the Israeli …

  • Policy Analysis
    LibyaUS Foreign Policy

    By Sanctioning Turkey’s Role in Libya, Trump Emboldens Erdoğan in the Eastern Mediterranean

    Jul 10, 2020Joe Macaron

    Evaluating the Trump Administration's policy toward Libya, Joe Macaron writes that from giving a green light to Haftar to march toward Tripoli to endorsing Tur…

  • Viewpoint
    Palestine/Israel

    Netanyahu Tackles Multiple Annexation Hurdles

    Jun 26, 2020Khalil E. Jahshan

    Writing about Israel’s annexation plan this coming July, Khalil E. Jahshan states that whether the Trump Administration fully approves of Netanyahu’s ideas or …

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaEnergy and Economics

    US-Russian Competition and the M4 Highway in Syria

    Jun 23, 2020Joe Macaron

    Joe Macaron argues that in Syria, implementing the Caesar Act sanctions and opening the east-west M4 Highway reflect intensified US-Russian competition while t…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    The Mechanics of Israel’s Annexation in the West Bank

    Jun 16, 2020Jonathan Kuttab

    Looking ahead at likely scenarios after Israel annexes areas of the West Bank, Jonathan Kuttab posits that it will be impossible to deny that the act represent…

  • Policy Analysis
    LebanonDemocracy and Governance

    Hezbollah Cannot Solve Lebanon’s Worsening Conditions

    Jun 10, 2020Imad K. Harb

    Imad K. Harb contends that Hezbollah has not succeeded in helping to repair Lebanon's domestic political and economic problems, has made the country hostage to…

  • Viewpoint
    LevantConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    The Threat of Israeli Annexation: The American Dimension

    Khalil E. Jahshan writes that there is nothing new about depopulating Palestine and confiscating and annexing Palestinian land, policies that have been necessa…

  • Policy Analysis
    JordanConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    The Israeli Annexation Plan and Jordan’s West Bank Moment

    Jun 3, 2020Joe Macaron

    Joe Macaron argues that as Netanyahu makes plans to annex parts of the occupied West Bank, Jordan faces difficult choices in appeasing domestic critics and pre…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelInternational Law

    Assessing Options for a Palestinian Response to Israeli Annexation

    May 28, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    After 18 months of false starts and three attempts, Israeli elections have finally yielded a governing coalition that has brought together its largest parties,…

  • Policy Analysis
    JordanThe GCC

    Jordan Maneuvers in GCC Politics to Protect Its Interests

    Despite its heavy dependence on the GCC for economic aid and employment for its workforce, Jordan has been able to pursue political positions not always in syn…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    Abbas’s Declaration: The Oslo Accords are Now Dead and Buried

    By announcing that the Palestinian Authority (PA) is ending its adherence to all agreements with Israel and the United States, Palestinian President Mahmoud Ab…

  • From our Affiliates
    Palestine/IsraelInternational Law

    Welcome to the “New Gaza”

    May 19, 2020Ibrahim Fraihat

    Ibrahim Fraihat suggests that Palestinians should disabuse themselves of the idea that a one-state solution is possible for the Palestinian-Israeli conflict si…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaDemocracy and Governance

    A Fracture That Will Not Threaten the Assad Regime in Syria

    May 18, 2020Radwan Ziadeh

    Radwan Ziadeh discounts the long-term political repercussions of the Assad-Makhlouf dispute and writes that if the regime gets in serious trouble, the cousins …

  • Policy Analysis
    IranRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    Iran Is Running a Custom-Made Strategy in the Levant

    May 18, 2020Joe Macaron

    Although economic pressures are forcing the Iranian regime to cut its losses in the Levant, it would be a mistake for the Trump Administration and its allies t…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelJustice, Equality, and Human Rights

    The Nakba 72 Years On: The Current Status of the Question of Palestine

    May 15, 2020Imad K. Harb Khalil E. Jahshan Tamara Kharroub Yousef Munayyer Marwan Bishara Diana Buttu

    Arab Center Washington DC research fellows and associates share their opinions and perspectives on the question of Palestine as Palestinians and the world mark…

  • Policy Analysis
    IraqViolent Extremism

    The US and Iraq Must Shore Up the Fight against the Islamic State

    May 8, 2020Charles W. Dunne

    Charles W. Dunne argues that the fight against the Islamic State in Iraq faces numerous setbacks, including the coronavirus, and that the upcoming US-Iraq Stra…

  • Washington Policy Weekly
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    Capitol Hill Turns to Public Diplomacy to Challenge Trump’s Policies

    Until May 4, the House of Representatives and Senate were steering clear of Capitol Hill in an effort to prevent the spread of the coronavirus disease to lawma…

  • Viewpoint
    Palestine/IsraelDemocracy and Governance

    The Netanyahu-Gantz Coalition Farce

    Apr 30, 2020Khalil E. Jahshan

    The emerging differences about the issue of annexation between the two coalition partners could become the massive rock on which their agreement is apt to cras…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    Playing Politics with Aid: Israel’s Response to COVID-19 in Gaza

    Apr 29, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    Yousef Munayyer asserts that Israel's facilitation of COVID-19-related aid to Gaza will largely further one overarching priority: to serve Israel's political o…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaDemocracy and Governance

    Syria’s Authoritarian Regime and COVID-19

    Apr 24, 2020Radwan Ziadeh

    Syria's delayed admission of COVID-19 cases was dictated by the regime's political calculations and its hope to use the cover of the pandemic to avoid sanction…

  • Policy Analysis
    LebanonDemocracy and Governance

    The Fakhoury Fiasco and US-Lebanese Relations

    Apr 13, 2020Joe Macaron

    The unconventional release of Lebanese-American Amer Fakhoury highlights the extent of Washington’s leverage in Beirut and raises questions about the status of…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelDemocracy and Governance

    The Coronavirus Crisis May Assure Netanyahu’s Survival

    Apr 8, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    Yousef Munayyer examines how Benny Gantz's political defeat and acceptance to form a coalition government with Benjamin Netanyahu have revived the Israeli prim…

  • Viewpoint
    Palestine/IsraelInternational Law

    Israel Has Effective Control over Gaza

    Mar 28, 2020Jonathan Kuttab

    During the coronavirus pandemic Israel must understand and implement its obligations toward Gaza’s citizens and abide by its responsibilities under the Geneva …

  • Policy Analysis
    JordanUS Foreign Policy

    Jordan and Trump’s Peace Plan

    Jordan’s relations with Israel have hit a low point following the unveiling of the Trump peace plan because of fears over annexation of Israeli settlements in …

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelDemocracy and Governance

    Third Time’s a Charm? Netanyahu Could Finally Be Dislodged

    Mar 20, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    In examining Israel's uncertain political conditions following the inconclusive third parliamentary election, Yousef Munayyer observes that there is a possibil…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    Russian-Turkish Tensions in Syria May Help Mend the US-Turkish Divide

    Mar 20, 2020Daniel Brumberg

    Daniel Brumberg studies the intricacies of Turkey's involvement in Syria and accommodation with Russia as it simultaneously hopes to enlist the assistance of t…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    The Muted Arab Attempt to Restore Influence in Syria

    Mar 18, 2020Joe Macaron

    Will Arab countries be able to renew their influence in Syria given the ever-present inter-Arab rivalry and unfavorable geopolitical factors?

  • Policy Analysis
    EgyptRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    Egypt-Turkey Strained Relations: Implications for Regional Security

    Mar 18, 2020Khalil Al-Anani

    Egyptian-Turkish tensions over influence, Libya, the eastern Mediterranean, and the Gulf region have increased regional insecurity and require de-escalation an…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    Complications for Turkey in Idlib

    Mar 17, 2020Mustafa Gurbuz

    Ankara’s options in Idlib are extremely limited as it must enforce moderation on the part of the extremists as well as address the refugee crisis.

  • From our Affiliates
    SyriaConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    The Moscow Summit: Will the Ceasefire Hold in Idlib?

    Mar 11, 2020Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (ACRPS)

    The failure of previous arrangements regarding Syria suggests that the latest ceasefire agreement between Turkey and Russia may only be temporary. Read this an…

  • Policy Analysis
    IranUS Foreign Policy

    Trump, Congress Lay Out Election Year Foreign Policy Priorities

    Mar 11, 2020Marcus Montgomery

    Marcus Montgomery discusses how the Trump Administration is pressing forward with its campaign against Iran as many in Congress are trying to constrain the pre…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaRegional Relations and Geopolitics

    Russia Has Limits on Its Influence in the Middle East

    Mar 10, 2020Charles W. Dunne

    Charles W. Dunne argues that despite Russia’s success in Syria and stealthy gains in the Middle East since 2015, the limits on its capabilities have become inc…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    The Idlib Developments Usher in a New Phase in Syria’s War

    Mar 6, 2020Radwan Ziadeh Imad K. Harb Marwan Kabalan Mustafa Gurbuz

    The Syrian civil war entered a new phase when Bashar al-Assad’s regime began an assault on the northwestern Idlib province, eliciting a Turkish response. ACW a…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    The Bernie Sanders Factor in US Policy toward Israel

    Mar 4, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    The Sanders candidacy represents a shift in public opinion on Israel and that Sanders’s position on Palestinian rights opens a political space that is increasi…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    What Does Bipartisan Support for Israel Look Like?

    The AIPAC and CPAC conferences in Washington became the venue for the Republican Party to seek to redefine the parameters of bipartisan support for Israel.

  • Policy Analysis
    LebanonDemocracy and Governance

    Lebanon’s Imminent Collapse: How Can It Be Prevented?

    Mar 3, 2020Imad K. Harb

    The dissolution of confessional politics in Lebanon and the political coalescence of the street opposition to negotiate for social change are key to addressing…

  • Viewpoint
    Palestine/IsraelDemocracy and Governance

    The Palestinian Arab Vote in Israel: Facing the Ultimate Test of Inclusion

    The Palestinian Arab vote can challenge the Palestinians’ disenfranchisement but that they will never be welcome as full partners in the Israeli political syst…

  • Policy Analysis
    SyriaConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    The Struggle over Syria’s Idlib

    Feb 28, 2020Radwan Ziadeh

    The Syrian regime’s killing of scores of Turkish soldiers in Idlib province will aggravate Turkish-Russian relations and take the crisis in Syria in a complete…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    The Economic Prospects of the White House’s New Plan for Peace

    Feb 25, 2020Colin Powers

    Evaluating the economic portion of Trump’s plan for Palestinian-Israeli peace, Colin Powers argues that for its economics as much as for its politics and immor…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    Global Reactions to the Trump Peace Plan

    Feb 20, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    Yousef Munayyer cautions that Trump’s position and weight as president of the United States influence how the international community reacts to his plan for Pa…

  • Policy Analysis
    LevantUS Foreign Policy

    Bipartisan Hysteria Erupts in Washington After UNHRC Unveils Database

    Feb 20, 2020Marcus Montgomery

    Marcus Montgomery reports on the unified bipartisan response to the recently released UNHCR report detailing the business ties of illegal Israeli settlements a…

  • From our Affiliates
    SyriaConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    Three scenarios for the battle for Idlib

    Feb 19, 2020Marwan Kabalan

    Major decisions have to be made by Turkey, Russia, and the United States in the coming weeks that may determine the next phase of the Syrian conflict.

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelConflicts and Conflict Resolution

    The Palestinians Are on Their Own

    Feb 13, 2020Imad K. Harb

    Palestinians should not rely on support from Arab accommodationists or rejectionists of Trump’s peace plan but must devise a new strategy for national renewal …

  • Washington Policy Weekly
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    “Your Proposal Attempts to Make a Genuine Two-State Solution Impossible”

    Feb 12, 2020Marcus Montgomery

    Congressional Democrats, Palestinians, and the broader international community still see too many problems with Trump’s proposed plan for Palestinian-Israeli p…

  • Washington Policy Weekly
    IranUS Foreign Policy

    What is Congress Willing to Do to Avoid War with Iran?

    This week, the House of Representatives took further decisive steps to try and prevent President Donald Trump from embroiling the United States in another war …

  • From our Affiliates
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    “Deal of the Century”: What Is It and Why Now?

    Feb 4, 2020Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (ACRPS)

    While the circumstances may seem favorable in the United States and Israel for the implementation of Trump’s so-called peace plan, it is unlikely to win popula…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Domestic Politics and Elections

    The American Jewish Community and the 2020 US Presidential Election

    Jan 31, 2020Lara Friedman

    The American Jewish community, for all its internal divisions and distinctions, has nonetheless long been characterized by remarkably consistent, and by all ap…

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    The Five Most Dangerous Aspects of Trump’s “Peace Plan”

    Jan 30, 2020Tamara Kharroub

    Trump's supremacist plan redraws borders unilaterally, accepts war crimes as serious solutions, and presents nothing but repackaged Israeli apartheid.

  • Policy Analysis
    Palestine/IsraelUS Foreign Policy

    Steal of the Century: Two Double-Dealers and a Podium

    Jan 29, 2020Yousef Munayyer

    Trump and Netanyahu are a pair of crooks robbing Palestinians of their freedom and dignity. He urges Palestinian leaders to fundamentally recalculate their str…